Transforming E-mail Behaviors

The Marketing Campaign to Change User Habits

Carol Anne Ogdin
Founder, Deep Woods Technology, Inc.

Abstract:  Changing the behaviors of a large group of people is best conceived of as a marketing campaign.  It means "knowing your audience," tuning the messages, and measuring your results.  Here we lay out a plan for changing the e-mail culture in a large corporation.

     The process of getting a large group of employees to change their habits is not only a major task, but it never ends:   People forget, and new employees constantly being hired.  The method we prefer to use is to treat the change process as a marketing campaign to a targeted audience, measure the results, and keep running the campaign as long as it's producing economic benefit for the corporation.

     If you can measure a compelling economic return to the organization, and spend only a fraction of that to achieve those results, it should prove comparatively easy to get the project approved.

     Our experience is with organizations who have upwards of 10,000 e-mail users, often scattered across the world.  We've never tried applying these methods in smaller companies (say, < 1,000 users), so the assumptions we make here are based on large payoffs.  As a general rule of thumb, you can probably expect to achieve $500 to $1,000 per user benefit per year; as a heuristic, we use $100 per user per annum as  an appropriate cost to spend on these kinds of programs.

The costs are low,
the benefits high,
and the process is
definitely
"outside the box"
thinking.


Alternative Strategies

     We were got this challenge from the CIO at one of our clients: "Why spend all this time and effort?  Let's just tell them how to change their habits!" I thought it touching faith in people's willingness to change.

     In this case, the company had 20,000 users of Lotus' cc:Mail, we'd identified a potential for recovering $40 Million per annum in lost productivity due to e-mail distractions, and we proposed spending $2 Million per annum on a campaign much like that outlined here.  And, our goal was to make sure that the first-year ROI was at least 5-to-1: That means return of at least a $10 Million measurable benefit to the corporation in the first year.

     So, I offered the following challenge back: "Okay, let's try the following mental experiment:  Imagine sending an e-mail to all 20,000 employees offering them their share of the proposed $2 Million budget ($100 each), provided they change the five key behaviors we've targeted.

     "My bet is that they'll accept the money…and that the total actual change in the organization will be virtually undetectable."

     We've also worked with clients who have developed "Best Practices" programs.  They collect lots of ideas on how other organizations do e-mail well, and they post them in a central database for use by all employees.   Insofar as we can tell, fewer than 1% of the employees have ever even opened that database; we suspect the number of employees who've actually changed behavior is even smaller.

     Organizational change is about changing each individual, one at a time.  Just as the tortoise beat the hare, the slow-and-steady approach that reaches people at the level of their unconscious, their values and their psyches is more likely to be successful that attempting to coerce or buy their behavior.  Money, it turns out, is a poor motivator

Changing the habits
of lots of people
requires concerted
effort, over a long
period.


Marketing Campaign

     If you're going to change the ways your employees use e-mail, you must develop a long-term, rapid-deployment program.  Changing behaviors requires a constant, metered stream of information that incessantly rains down on employees over a long period of time.  And, it needs to be initiated with sufficient energy to convey the sense of top management commitment to the outcome.

A comprehensive program consists of four parallel and interlinked efforts:

Internal communications campaign, leveraging traditional (paper) media to communicate a coherent and progressively more sophisticated suite of messages, all linked together with common themes,
 
Multi–media presentations, using both group and desktop delivery of information rich and entertaining messages using the latest video, sound and e-mail and browser technology, for presentation to groups of employees, large and small, and for individual "just in time" education,
 
Identify and reward the most visible changes among employees, reward those who make the most dramatic changes, and hold them up as models to be emulated by other employees, and
 
Regular measurement of important performance criteria to assure the targeted behavioral changes are, in fact, taking place among ever-growing populations of the entire employee base.
Like marketing a new
service to consumers,
changing behaviors
can leverage what we
know about successful
marketing campaigns.


How Often?

     You can try to emulate television's aspirin ads and run the same message until users are irritated, but we don't recommend it.  On the other hand, if you change messages too often you don't really get the benefit from reaching   people so busy they don't get the first appearance. Experience suggests that most companies can benefit from updating messages on a bimonthly cycle.  Of course, your own experience may vary from this nominal, but we'll assume that period for the rest of this discussion.

     Most commercial marketing practice relies on a two– to six– month repetition cycle (that is, messages are repeated over that period before the next message is introduced).  If you notice, the same advertisement for the same product will appear in the same newspaper or periodical for several weeks to several months at a time.

The "Arc"

     There is a concept call the "arc" that is used in advertising and entertainment series. The writers of a television series, for instance, start by defining the "arc" of the story line as it will unfold over the course of a season or a year.  The arc defines what kinds of experiences the characters will have (comedy vs. drama, for example), and how those characters are expected to evolve.   Properly done, things that happen in the fifth or sixth show in a series will be entirely consistent with things that the viewer remembers from the premiere show.   With an arc, the continuity of the relationship between the characters an the audience is maintained, despite the hours and days between episodes.

     The behavioral change program needs to have a clear arc: You need to define how the messages will evolve over time, and how the most sophisticated issues are both capable of being understood without regard to prior cycles. Each "story" must have the integrity to be able to stand alone.  At the same time, you can use early cycles to "set up" more sophisticated information that may be presented later in the process.

     Each new cycle in the arc needs to meet several objectives:

Each cyclic message must serve a role in the overall aggregate messages being conveyed, instead of just merely standing on its own. It must contribute the "arc,"
 
Each cycle (save the first) should reinforce the messages conveyed in earlier cycles,
 
Each cycle should contain "set up" information that establishes requisite preliminary conditions for future cycles, and
 
Each cycle should cover one or more unique topics that contribute to the overall goals of the program, and have the integrity to stand alone and still be comprehensible.

You'll need to define, document and review the overall "arc" of messages and make sure they're consistent with other organizational policies and standards.  To do this well, you have to plan for enough successive cycles to make a whole program; you'll probably want to plan for a dozen or more cycles, even though you'll probably only execute the first six  bimonthly cycles in the first year.

There's a "right" rate
of change and
development of the
audience's awareness.
It's unique for each
organization.


Common Media

     Each organizational culture is different, and some media will work better in one company than another.  We recommend you make a foray into the corporate marketing department, and find ways to engage their creative juices in the development of a comprehensive campaign.  They know all about it, they know how to create messages and images that are memorable and persuasive, and they know the clever creative people who can make significant contributions to the success of the project.

     Here's a "laundry list" of some traditional media that can communicate the motivations to change to employees that your marketing department might recommend.

Posters that remind people about some aspect of e–mail effectiveness. Each new phase of the campaign will best be initiated by by another poster; all posters will bear a family resemblance and form the basis of the program identity in employee’s minds. Done right, these posters (we like the small, 8-1/2-by-11 size) will become collectors items among employees…and that value will transfer into constant reminders of the desired behaviors you want to elicit.
 
Newsletters, either as a stand-alone periodical, or an insert, supplement or regular feature in existing house organs. Use each article to explain a key feature of e–mail effectiveness, provide how–to guidelines and advice, and appeal to the intellectually curious. Graphically, the newsletter should capture the same "look" as the associated poster for the campaign of the moment. Incidentally, newsletters should be published on paper, although you may also co-publish as an e-mail. Using e-mail only to change e-mail behavior is not very effective; it smacks of "waging war to ensure the peace."
 
Audio Tapes, recapitulating newsletter content.  These are ideal for commuters, and packaging should mirror the contemporaneous poster design.  Some people actually learn better by hearing the information than reading it.   A healthy campaign will provide ways for people to hear the why and how of change; use the cassette case or wrapper to deliver some bullet points that the listener can refer to after they get to the office.
 
On-line Demonstrations, using the inexpensive multimedia like Lotus' ScreenCam or Microsoft's Camcorder. These products allow you to capture step-by-step, how-to examples by recording your mouse movements and keystrokes, and the consequent screen changes.  You annotate the demonstration with synchronized speech and with text captions (for those without a way to play sound on their computers). These are great tools for "just–in–time" education delivery, showing just the technique or skill this employee needs at this moment, using the user's own computer for display. They can be downloaded and played back by any user after they’ve heard the audio tape and read the newsletter. And, they can play them back as a refresher anytime in the future. Be sure to build a process that updates these on-line movies whenever the mail system is upgraded, and offer an on-line catalog where they're all stored.
E-mail changes the
medium, but people
learned to learn in
more traditional forms.


Multimedia

     Any marketing expert will tell you:  Motivation is the key.  If people are properly motivated, they'll find ways to learn what they need; that's the easier part.  Experts will also tell you: The richer the experience, the more influential the message.  If you could afford it, you'd like to have an e-mail effectiveness expert spend a few hours with each employee, with that time spread out over several months.  But the costs for that are prohibitive.  The next best approach is to use film, video tape and/or on-line multimedia to provide a rich and compelling experience for employees.  These can be delivered time and time again in cafeterias, at employee meetings, and at extra-curricular sports and entertainment activities (your project might even sponsor such events, to round up willing subjects for the material you want to present).  Because of the density of information, it is possible to present significant new material in visual and auditory form, reinforce previous messages, and guide the viewer to supplemental information in the more traditional media for implementation.

     Film has become prohibitive in cost, because of the specialized skills and equipment required to produce the simplest segment.  Video tape, even done with professional crews, is more economical and provides an easy way to deliver copies to employees for home viewing.  With recent popularity of multimedia, computer-based presentations (even with speakers and actors) are now about as economical as video tape.  We have a modest preference for multimedia, because you can easily reuse material.  It also means you can more easily change screen shots and other graphics when you have to upgrade to a new mail version or product without having to completely "reshoot" the entire segment.

     You have one big advantage commercials you see on television don't:  You can plan to make your segments longer than 30 seconds or a minute.   You probably need to find out the attention span of your intended audience, but before that market research you can probably safely plan for 10- to 20-minute stories.

     You can save some money by shooting and editing several separate stories at the same time.  If you've gotten scripts professionally written, you can shoot all the clips out of sequence and assemble them in the video editing room or on a multimedia development workstation later.  As a general principle, if you're consuming one new program every two months to remain in synch with the rest of the campaign, you should have the next three "in the can" at all times.  You'll probably produce them in batches of two to four at a time.  And, leave plenty of time to test them with representative audiences:  By knowing what you're trying to change, you can measure for those changes, and "tune" the presentation to make sure you more reliably get the responses you plan for among the audience at large.

"Make a movie."
It's getting cheaper
and cheaper to
deliver high-quality
messages that
influence change.


Measuring Results

     To track your progress, you need to develop a comprehensive measurement strategy.  The more directly you can measure results at mail servers and post offices, the more reliable and believable will be your data.  You can also use questionnaires about user perceptions, or even convene focus groups and customer/user councils to advise you on the more subjective aspects.  But, to prove to management the benefits of this kind of program, you need to plan for objective measures.

     There are many commercial tools you can use to instrument the backbone of your mail system to collect information.  In most cases, these tools measure factors that improve throughput and performance rather than improved end-user experience, but several of the measurement products can be adapted to the task through appropriate configuration.

     Some of the things you might productively measure:

Average number of messages received per business day, per employee . Your goal is probably to drive this down, although if the number goes up and end-user satisfaction improves, you can bet that the fraction of messages that are meaningful and useful has risen.
 
Average number of iterations for an e-mail exchange. You probably want this to go down over time, as people become progressively more proficient at communicating what they want and responding with what's wanted.
 
Average number of addressees per message. Again, you probably want this number to decline over time as people become more selective about using addresses and restrain their impulse to "send to everybody."
 
Average length of messages. If messages are shorter, they're probably more focused and liable to elicit a more focused response.
 
Mean time to response. By measuring the time between the origination of a message, and the response it elicits, we can show that people have become more attentive to their e-mail, making it easier to solve mission-critical problems on-line.

     Each organization is unique, and the criteria you select to measure must be closely aligned with the mission and vision of your organization.   It's worth identifying both primary and secondary measurements:  Primary measurements are those that can be directly related to cost benefits to the organization (e.g., "a 0.1% decline in the average number of internal e-mail messages represents $100,000 in recovered employee productive time").  Secondary measurements may not be easily related to monetary returns, but are the "icing on the cake," the opinions or other "soft" payoffs that will support your assertions to management that your measured cost savings are conservative.

Measurement means
you know what you're
trying to accomplish.